Verbal reasoning features on 11 plus exams for grammar and independent school entrance. Get tips, worksheets and sample questions here to help your child prepare.

HeadlineBlog

Verbal reasoning

Atom Learning

Year 6

Wellbeing

English

Maths

Year 5

Non-verbal reasoning

Board games are a perfect activity for the holidays. On top of being a way to make happy memories, many of them have fantastic educational value. 

We know that games help children to develop behaviours that will serve them well for life: teamwork, turn-taking, and time management, to name a few. There are lots of modern and traditional board games – many of which we remember from our own childhood – which can nurture specific skills that will be useful in the classroom, in exams, and beyond.

So for your next family games night, here's a rundown of our favourite educational board games. Our top picks encourage children to develop STEM skills, problem-solving, creative thinking and critical analysis, all while having fun. 

## Non-verbal reasoning

[Non-verbal reasoning](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/category/non-verbal-reasoning) involves analysing visual information and solving problems using shapes, diagrams and pictures. It's commonly part of [CEM](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/cem-11-plus-guide) and [GL](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/gl-11-plus-guide) 11 plus exams for [grammar school](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/category/grammar-schools) entrance, as well as [ISEB](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/iseb-guide) and other [independent school](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/category/independent-schools) exams. 

These board games are useful for sharpening logical, problem-solving and pattern-spotting skills.

### Backgammon

![Backgammon](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/ef2c114f5b1cc43e963d5fb9033220fd.jpg)

- **Educational objectives:** Logical and strategic thinking
- **Why we love it:** One of the most widely played games in the western world! This simple-to-learn game requires logical thinking, counting and strategy. 

### Chess

![Chess](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/69deda32cbe9833fa7e0988eb714b8fb.jpg)

- **Educational objectives:** Problem solving and strategy
- **Why we love it:** The possibilities are infinite! Introducing children to chess is a gift they’ll appreciate forever. While you may or may not have a grandmaster on your hands, children will love the accomplishment of thinking ahead. 

### Connect 4

- **Educational objectives:** Logical and strategic thinking
- **Why we love it:** A classic that can be as fun for adults as children. Players have to be thoughtful and methodical to beat their opponent. 

### Draughts (checkers)

![Draughts or checkers](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/f63fcfadfcf66463739ed9d5f8805c68.jpg)
 
- **Educational objectives:** Problem solving
- **Why we love it:** This game introduces children to a checkers board. Players must move their pieces diagonally, with the aim to capture all of their opponent’s pieces.

### Mancala

- **Educational objectives:** Strategic thinking
- **Why we love it:** An ancient game that is easy to learn. The objective is to capture more stones or gems than your opponent. This is a quick game that doesn’t take hours to set up and play. 

### Mastermind

- **Educational objectives:** Logical thinking
- **Why we love it:** So simple yet so clever! A game for two players where you have to use logic to work out what your opponent is thinking. Another quick option when you don’t have hours to spare. 

### Sequence

- **Educational objectives:** Strategic thinking
- **Why we love it:** A fun game for ages 7+. The objective of the game is to secure a ‘sequence’ or five in a row. Players select a card from their hand and place a chip on the corresponding space on the board. Each card is pictured twice on the game board, so everyone must choose their space wisely!


## Maths and numerical reasoning

These games will support your child to practise some of the [maths](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/category/maths) skills that they'll use during Key Stage 2 and in entrance exams.

### Battleships

- **Educational objectives:** Strategic thinking, spatial reasoning, position
- **Why we love it:** A classic strategy game for two players, played on grids. Players take turns calling ‘shots’ at each others’ ships using coordinates.

### Darts

![Darts](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/e07e78241eb2711fe329e8a53736f66d.jpg)

- **Educational objectives:** Number fluency and strategy
- **Why we love it:** Starting on 501, the winner is the first person to reach exactly zero. To succeed in darts your mental subtraction and multiplication skills need to be top-notch!

### Monopoly

- **Educational objectives:** Number fluency and strategy
- **Why we love it:** A classic game that makes us all feel like property magnates. This is superb for practising mental calculations and getting children thinking about budgets and spending. 

### Shut the Box

- **Educational objectives:** Number fluency
- **Why we love it:** This traditional game can be played with nothing more than a pair of dice, pen and paper. Each player rolls the dice and ‘shuts’ any combination of numbers that equal the sum of dots on the dice. Quick mental addition and subtraction are useful! 

### Yahtzee

- **Educational objectives:** Number fluency and strategy
- **Why we love it:** A classic game that’s easy to set up. For younger players, this is a really fun way to practise quick addition. For older children, there’s a lot of strategy involved in winning!


## Verbal reasoning and English

[Verbal reasoning](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/category/verbal-reasoning) is problem-solving with written information, and it's another common part of grammar school and independent senior school [11 plus](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/11-plus-guide) entrance exams.

These games are helpful for honing reading fluency, vocabulary knowledge and attention to detail which will benefit your child for verbal reasoning and [Key Stage 2 English](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/category/english) alike.

### Articulate

![Articulate](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/0ed621e9e13ecd64451366a89cfbbf2f.jpg)

- **Educational objectives:** Vocabulary, verbal fluency, time management 
- **Why we love it:** The kids’ edition of this party game is a great opportunity to boost their vocabulary. The ‘describer’ has to give clues to a word without actually saying it, and teammates have to race to guess the word. Knowledge of [synonyms](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/key-stage-2-english-synonyms) will be helpful!

### Bananagrams

- **Educational objectives:** spelling, [vocabulary](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/11-plus-vocabulary), time management
- **Why we love it:** Players must race to use all their letters to build a word grid. This banana-themed language game can be played with 2–8 people in as little as 10 minutes. Younger children will find this more accessible than the popular classic Scrabble.

### Codenames

- **Educational objectives:** Vocabulary, definitions, spotting connections
- **Why we love it:** Two rival spymasters must give one-word clues that link to multiple words on the board, while teammates try to guess words of the right colour. Ideal for children 10+, although there are family editions available for all ages.

### Dixit

- **Educational objectives:** [Creativity](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/11-plus-creative-writing), storytelling, comprehension
- **Why we love it:** A beautifully illustrated card game for ages 8+. Players take turns being the storyteller and make up a sentence or phrase that describes a card. Others must guess which card inspired their story. 

### Guess Who

- **Educational objectives:** logical and strategic thinking, descriptive skills, [antonyms](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/11-plus-synonyms-antonyms-worksheets), deduction
- **Why we love it:** A popular classic, players take turns asking yes or no questions to try and eliminate options to name their opponent’s mystery character. 


We hope you and your family enjoy playing some of these board games. Top tip: you can sometimes find second-hand board games in charity shops, and they make great gifts! We've shared more [ways to get your child excited about learning here](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/6-ways-get-your-child-excited-about-learning). 

-----

## Make the most of online learning this holiday

Looking for more fun ways for your child to develop knowledge, skills and confidence? [Atom Nucleus](https://atomlearning.co.uk/) is the all-in-one online learning platform to help children aged 7–11 master the Key Stage 2 curriculum and prepare for exams.

![LearningJourneys.png](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/021a980f6c7e027ab3ce0c47b4abd96a.png)

:::checkmarks
- **Over 90,000 interactive questions** in English, maths, science, verbal and non-verbal reasoning
- **Unlimited 11 plus mock tests** mirroring the style and content of grammar and independent school entrance exams
- **Automatic marking** with data insights, allowing you to stay on top of your child's progress
- **Hundreds** of engaging helpsheets and video lessons
:::

[Try Atom Nucleus for free for five days](https://app.atomlearning.com/public/register/parent?plan=90) and see the difference it makes to your child. 

-----

## More holiday activities for your child

- [Christmas maths worksheets](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/christmas-worksheets-maths)
- [Christmas non-verbal reasoning worksheets](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/christmas-worksheets-non-verbal-reasoning)
- [40 best festive reads for your child](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/festive-reads-for-children)

221201_ChristmasBlogPosts_3.svg

Top educational board games

11 plus

ISEB

If your child is applying to a grammar school or a selective independent school, they may need to take a cloze test as part of their entry assessment. Cloze tests are a common part of [11 plus exams](https://atomlearning.co.uk/hub/11-plus) and despite the unfamiliar name, they don’t have to be tricky. 

Find out all you need to know about cloze test questions here, including examples, top tips, and a [free question pack](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/11-plus-cloze-test#download-your-free-cloze-practice-question-pack) for your child to practise!

## What is a cloze test (with examples)?

Cloze questions ask students to **choose the correct word or letters** to complete a sentence or passage so that it makes grammatical sense.

There are two main types of cloze exercise:

- Choose the word
- Complete the sentence

### Choose the word questions

In ‘choose the word’ questions, your child will need to identify the word or words that will best complete a sentence. They will usually need to **choose** the correct answer from a **word bank** of five options (multiple-choice style). 

Example choose the word question:

![Close example - choose the word question](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/1cefdb976567861e21cdc721dba4f541.png)

*Select the word that will complete this sentence in the most sensible way.* 

*‘The ride couldn’t start _____ everyone was secured in their seats.’*

*down / until / safely / because / since*

### Complete the sentence questions

In ‘complete the sentence’ style cloze questions, your child will need to **find the letters** that are missing from a word within a sentence. Depending on the format of the exam, they will either have to **write** the missing letters, or **choose** them from a list of options.

Example complete the sentence question: 

![Cloze example - complete the sentence question](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/94d981544067856125173ecb588571aa.png)

*One word in this sentence is missing three letters; these letters form a correctly spelt word on their own.* 

*Write the three letters that are missing from the incomplete word below.* 

*‘It was a t___quil scene and the lake looked just like a mirror.’*

([Answers at the bottom](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/11-plus-cloze-test#answers-to-example-questions))

## What is a cloze test used for?

Cloze tests are used to assess your child’s vocabulary, [reading comprehension skills](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/reading-comprehension-exam-skills), spelling and grammar knowledge. The questions depend on understanding the meaning of words and putting them into context. A wide vocabulary and sound understanding of grammar will help your child to approach these questions with confidence. 

## Why is it called a cloze test? 

The name ‘cloze’ comes from the word ‘closure’, which is an idea in Gestalt psychology. This psychological school was popular in the early and mid-20th century. Cloze exercises were first described in 1953 by W. L. Taylor. 

Gestalt psychologists believed that people see complete patterns instead of individual parts. The ‘law of closure’ states that people see incomplete objects such as shapes, pictures, letters, words or sentences as complete, as our perception fills in any gaps. 

## How to solve cloze exercises

### Solve ‘choose the word’ questions

Following these steps will help children to identify the word they need to complete the passage.

1. **Read** the sentence through: what’s going on in the sentence? Even if a word is missing, you’ll be able to get a good sense of what the sentence is about. 
2. Identify the **word class** of the missing word. Is it a verb, adjective, noun or adverb? You can rule out word options that are not part of this word class. 
3. Look at the answer choices and choose the word that **best fits** in the sentence.
4. Add the word to the sentence. Read the whole sentence through to **double-check** that the sentence **makes sense**.

### Solve ‘complete the sentence’ questions

The steps for solving ‘complete the sentence’ style questions are similar to those for solving ‘choose the word’ questions, but the method differs slightly. 
 
1. **Read** the sentence and think about what is happening in it. Look at the other words in the sentence. Do they give you any clues about what the incomplete word is? 
2. **Confirm** how many letters are missing from the word. 
3. **Identify and add** the missing letters to the incomplete word. Try **sounding out** the incomplete word. Does it sound like a word you already know? 
4. **Check:** Have you made a correctly spelled word? Does the whole sentence make sense? 

## Which exams use cloze tests?

Cloze questions appear on some grammar schools’ entrance exams, namely the [CEM 11 plus](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/cem-11-plus-guide) **verbal reasoning** paper.

Cloze tests are also used as part of some independent school entrance assessments. They appear on the [ISEB Common Pre-Test](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/iseb-guide) **English** paper, within the grammar section.

As well as summative exams, some schools use cloze tests in the classroom as a formative assessment of children’s English language progress.

## Can you revise for cloze tests?

Most children will benefit from steady practice during the year leading up to the 11 plus to become familiar and confident with the format of cloze questions. Cramming in preparation just before the exam can put students under too much pressure. 

When we encounter a new question style for the first time, we have to expend a certain amount of cognitive energy to understand what is being asked for. It’s best not to leave this discovery process until the actual exams, and instead give your child the chance to practise and build confidence well in advance.

Aside from practising cloze exercises themselves, another important way to prepare is by [reading widely for fun](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/engage-your-child-with-reading). Fiction and non-fiction books from a range of genres and time periods are an excellent resource to build your child’s vocabulary knowledge and grammatical understanding. 

Practice **guided reading**, where you ask your child questions about what they have read – this will help them to hone their reading comprehension technique too. All of these are key skills which they will need to draw upon to answer cloze questions successfully.

## Cloze preparation resources

### Download your free cloze practice question pack 

[![Cloze question pack preview](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/3af9e82944debe0dd6433837afe0aede.gif)](https://share-eu1.hsforms.com/1N3L_XTriR1W0GBqj7Y46jAf1fn7)

[![Free practice questions: Cloze tests in the 11 plus. Download now](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/d755d5cf867a6c317877c485f3a3ffb6.svg)](https://share-eu1.hsforms.com/1N3L_XTriR1W0GBqj7Y46jAf1fn7)

### Watch a free cloze test lesson

In this 30 minute lesson, Jono and James both make appearances and talk through how to answer ‘choose the word’ questions for verbal reasoning!

[![Verbal reasoning choose the word lesson](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/1f4a120aff57226ae7dd41d8c632e822.jpg)](https://vimeo.com/540090792/7f59e6fdd3)

### More free verbal reasoning resources

Here are some further resources that will support your child to build the skills associated with cloze tests: 

- [Spelling list](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/7427c919a7050105f0cb74350980a3f9.pdf)
- [Year 5 reading list](https://25261171.fs1.hubspotusercontent-eu1.net/hubfs/25261171/Reading%20lists/Atom%20Reading%20List%20yr5.pdf)
- [Year 6 reading list](https://25261171.fs1.hubspotusercontent-eu1.net/hubfs/25261171/Reading%20lists/Atom%20Reading%20Lists%20yr6.pdf)
- [11 plus vocabulary](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/11-plus-vocabulary) 
- [Synonyms and antonyms worksheets](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/11-plus-synonyms-antonyms-worksheets) 

:button[See all verbal reasoning resources]{href="https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/category/verbal-reasoning"}

-----

### Discover Atom Nucleus 

Will your child be taking 11 plus exams for grammar school or independent school entry? You may be wondering where to start and how to make sure they cover everything they need for the exam. It can feel overwhelming, especially as this is such a pivotal time in your child’s education. 

[Atom Nucleus](https://atomlearning.co.uk/exam-prep) is here to help you. It’s your **all-in-one online platform** that **takes the stress and guesswork out of exam preparation**. 

Nucleus lets your child have fun while they work independently to:

:::checkmarks
- Understand the whole exam curriculum: verbal & non-verbal reasoning, English and maths
- Build knowledge with 90,000+ interactive practice questions and helpsheets, written by teachers
- Hone exam technique with unlimited practice papers tailored to your target schools
- Access hundreds of recorded lessons like the one above, anytime and anywhere
:::

Best of all, everything is **automatically marked and analysed**. Spend less time marking and more time celebrating your child's progress together! 

![11 plus product ](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/cf89e0228b2ed6502243d228af60a152.svg)

Try Atom Nucleus free for 5 days and start your child’s journey to success in entrance exams today:

:button[Try Atom for free]{href="https://app.atomlearning.com/register/parent?plan=90"}

### Parent WhatsApp groups

If you're preparing for entrance exams this year, why not join one of Atom’s free [Exam Preparation WhatsApp groups](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfzAqYA44dwmRGJj03uH00NJxV8RigUDGQ7cYEhyD-HBe4qGw/viewform)? Get access to free resources and advice, and ask our Education Experts any questions you have about the admissions process and your child's upcoming exams.

-----
 
## Answers to example questions

- Choose the word question: until
- Complete the sentence question: ran

Everything you need to know about cloze tests on 11+ verbal reasoning exams. See cloze examples and download a free practice question pack for your child here.

Cloze tests in the 11+: Free practice questions, tips and techniques

Cloze tests.svg

Cloze tests in the 11 plus

In this series of free webinars, Atom’s Education Experts outline the areas of each 11 plus subject that our students struggle with the most, and share tips and techniques on how to prepare. Watch here, or keep reading for an overview:

:button[Watch now]{href="https://share-eu1.hsforms.com/1VIrRRLLhRA2VOL-Gp_UC8Af1fn7"}

## The 11 plus verbal reasoning curriculum

Verbal reasoning is a measure of our ability to understand and engage with language (written and spoken information). There is some overlap with the English exam in the skills needed for verbal reasoning, as it relies on strong [reading comprehension](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/reading-comprehension-exam-skills) and [vocabulary](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/11-plus-vocabulary). It will also test your child’s phonological awareness and their ability to problem-solve and identify sequences.

Verbal reasoning is not part of the national curriculum and so your child is very unlikely to have encountered verbal reasoning questions before at school. Questions will cover a range of skills:

### Words and wordplay 
- **Vocabulary:** synonyms, odd ones out, homographs, antonyms, spot the connection, definitions, jumbled sentences 
- **Building words:** join the words, find the link, transfer a letter, morph the word, missing letters
- **Finding words:** hidden words, stolen words, anagrams, jumbled words
- **Cloze:** choose the word, complete the sentence

### Logic 
- Statement logic, deductions, number logic, letter logic

### Patterns and functions 
- **Reordering:** rearrange words, rearrange letters
- **Codes:** letter pairs, letter codes, number codes, symbol codes
- **Sequences:** number sequences, letter sequences, ordering words

### Numbers
- **Numbers:** find the calculation
- **Algebra:** balance the equation, substitutions

[Learn more about the different types of verbal reasoning questions here](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/11-plus-verbal-reasoning-exam-preparation-guide).

## The 3 verbal reasoning topics students struggle with the most

There are three types of verbal reasoning questions which Atom students find most difficult when preparing for the 11 plus: 

- Morph the word
- Stolen words
- Find the calculation

### Morph the word

In 'morph the word' questions, children are given **two words** and need to get from the first word to the last word by **changing one letter at a time** to create a **new word**.

**Example morph the word question:**

![verbal reasoning morph the word question](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/46c67d55080a5b62c65a3cb019343703.png)

Incorrect answers can often be caused by spelling mistakes. To make sure they're answering accurately, children should double check that the word they have selected is correctly spelled.

### Stolen words

In 'stolen words' questions, your child will be asked to work out the three- or four-letter word that is missing from the incomplete word given. They will be given a clue or a sentence to help find the stolen word.

**Example stolen words question:**

![verbal reasoning stolen words question](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/cc35f54a6d7b5893d78114324c478bab.png)

Students can often lose marks here by suggesting a complete word that does not make sense in the context of the clue, or stolen letters that do not form a word in their own right. 

In the example above, ***COMPOSITION*** would be a valid complete word, but the stolen letters would be ***POS***, which is not a word in its own right. The correct answer is ***COMPETITION***. The stolen letters are ***PET***, which is a word in its own right. The definition of the word ‘competition’ also fits in the clue sentence.

So, to solve these types of questions, your child should: 

1. First read through the clue to get a sense of what the complete word might be.
2. Once they think they have found the stolen letters, check that they make a real word when combined with the letters. 
3. Double check that the completed word is spelled correctly. 
4. Check that the stolen letters create a word in its own right, and that it is spelled correctly. 
5. Then, reread the clue to check that the completed word fits. 

Look out for red herrings: in the example above, ‘composition’ is a word that can be related to ‘poetry’, so it seems like it could be correct. However, you cannot win a poetry composition and receive a certificate for it, but you can win a competition. The final step of rereading the clue and checking that the completed word makes sense will help to avoid being tripped up by red herrings.

### Find the calculation

In 'find the calculation' questions, your child will be given a set of numbers. The numbers within the set will be linked by a rule.

There are three types of find the calculation questions:
- Find the missing number
- Find the odd pair out
- Find the rule

**Example 'find the missing number' question:**

![verbal reasoning find the missing number question](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/6a7d46b90e00d78a59f1cd0cef1d5cd1.png)

This is quite a simple question to solve: 5 – 1 = 4, so the missing number is 4.

**Example 'find the odd pair out' question:**

![verbal reasoning odd pair out question](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/2e488ee322e373512153a521e194043a.png)

The goal is to find which pair does not follow the rule. Your child should work through each pair to find which pair does not follow the rule. In this case, ***(20 is to 4)*** does not follow the rule, because 20 ÷ 4 = 5, not 4. So our odd pair out is ***(20 is to 4)***.

**Example 'find the rule' question:** 

![verbal reasoning find the rule question](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/9a07e32d223081dd22e248fe1f176fef.png)

In these questions, your child will need to identify the rule which connects the middle number to the outer numbers in a triplet. One way to approach these questions is to read through each option at a time, do the calculations and see if they work. 

A quicker way to eliminate options is to remember that: 

- If the difference between the middle number and the outer numbers is small, it’s likely to be an addition or subtraction rule.
- If the difference between the middle number and the outer numbers is large, it’s likely to be a multiplication or division rule.

In this example, there is a large difference between one of the outer numbers, 121, and the middle number, 11. So we know it’s likely to be a multiplication or division rule. The middle number is a lot **smaller** than 121, so we know it’s likely to be division. (If the middle number was only slightly smaller than the outer number, it would be likely to be subtraction.)

We can then test the division rule. If we divide the first number by the third number, we get: 121 ÷ 11 = 11, matching our middle number, so we know this rule is the correct answer. 

-----

Above all, consistent practice with a range of verbal reasoning questions is the most effective way to prepare for this exam. If your child feels familiar and comfortable with all styles of question, they will use less cognitive energy on exam day puzzling out how to approach these strange-seeming questions. They will be able to dedicate all their focus to answering accurately and checking their work.

Watch the webinar for free for more ways to support your child with these verbal reasoning topics, plus exam techniques that will prepare them to take even the trickiest questions in their stride!

[![11+ challenging topics: free webinar series for parents. Watch now](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/b2d0737988cef34a18ecef35eaf0e66c.png)](https://share-eu1.hsforms.com/1VIrRRLLhRA2VOL-Gp_UC8Af1fn7)

## More challenging 11 plus topics
- [Maths](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/11-plus-challenging-topics-maths)
- [English](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/11-plus-challenging-topics-english)
- [Non-verbal reasoning](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/11-plus-challenging-topics-non-verbal-reasoning)

## More free verbal reasoning resources
- [Verbal reasoning worksheets](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/verbal-reasoning-worksheets)
- [11 plus verbal reasoning: exam preparation guide](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/11-plus-verbal-reasoning-exam-preparation-guide)
- [Introducing your child to verbal reasoning](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/introducing-your-child-to-verbal-reasoning)
- [500 essential words for your child’s 11 plus vocabulary](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/11-plus-vocabulary)
- [Synonyms and antonyms worksheets](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/11-plus-synonyms-antonyms-worksheets)

In this free webinar series, discover which areas of 11 plus verbal reasoning that students struggle with the most, and learn techniques to help your child prepare. 


11+ challenging topics series: verbal reasoning

11+ challenging topics_ VR.svg

11 plus challenging topics: verbal reasoning

## The importance of vocabulary in the 11 plus

Regardless of the 11 plus exam board, you can be almost guaranteed that your child’s vocabulary will be tested in the exam through either English or verbal reasoning tests (or a combination of both). 

The vast majority of selective secondary schools include an English test as part of their 11 plus admissions process, which will include either or both [reading comprehension](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/reading-comprehension-exam-skills) and [creative writing](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/11-plus-creative-writing) tasks. 

In reading comprehension questions, children will be tested on their ability to make inferences, deduce based on given evidence, rephrase, and summarise a passage. In creative writing tasks, children will be assessed on the extent of their vocabulary and its purpose within the text, as well as the accuracy of their spelling. 

If your child’s 11 plus test includes a [verbal reasoning](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/11-plus-verbal-reasoning-exam-preparation-guide) paper, you can be sure they will be tested on their vocabulary knowledge. Typical questions include selecting synonyms, antonyms or homonyms from a given list, spotting the odd one out from a selection of words, or identifying the connection between groups of words. Strong vocabulary knowledge is key to success in all of these questions. 

## 5 tips for expanding your child’s vocabulary

### 1. Reading often and widely

Plenty of studies have shown that children who read many books (and a range of genres) learn new words faster and have much wider vocabularies than children who seldom read. This is because written language uses many more words than we use in spoken language. 

### 2. Play word games

Games such as Scrabble, Boggle, word searches and crosswords can be really useful to help your child discover new words and consolidate their meanings. Playing word games together can make the process of vocabulary learning fun for your child, helping them stay engaged and motivated while aiding retention. 

### 3. Look for word roots

Many English words have the same Greek or Latin roots which provide an indication of their meaning. If your child comes across a word they don’t understand, ask them to break the word down into parts and think about where they might have heard something similar before. Here are some common root words used in everyday language:

- **Aud:** referring to hearing, e.g. audio, audible, audience 
- **Bio:** referring to life, e.g. biography, biology, biodegradable
- **Chrono:** relating to time, e.g. chronological, synchronise 
- **Geo:** referring to the earth, e.g. geography, geology
- **Sens:** relating to feeling, e.g. sensitive, resent
- **Sub:** referring to something under or inferior, e.g. submissive, subterranean 

### 4. Story writing

Story writing is a great exercise for your child to try out their newly learnt words in a relevant context (not to mention that it’s a skill assessed in many 11 plus exams). 

Encourage your child to write stories in different genres, trying out their vocabulary for different stylistic effects. 

### 5. Visualise new words

If your child is a visual learner, they may find it easier to recall difficult words if they can associate them with an image. Encourage your child to draw a visual interpretation of a word they find difficult – for instance, the word ‘economical’ may be associated with a picture of money, while ‘bewildered’ could be symbolised by a person looking confused. 

## Complete 11 plus vocabulary list

Our vocabulary list includes words which have been used by both GL Assessment and CEM (the UK’s two major 11 plus exam boards) in previous exams, as well as more difficult words included in the Upper Key Stage 2 national curriculum. 

Find the 500 essential words we recommend for your child’s age group below, or [download the full list in alphabetical order here](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/08be96a58d5c453393aa15a17025adbc.pdf).

1. abandon
2. absence
3. absurd
4. abundant
5. accommodate
6. accompany
7. according
8. accuse
9. accustomed
10. achieve
11. acquainted
12. acquire
13. address
14. adhere
15. admission
16. advance
17. affectionate
18. aggressive
19. alert
20. altitude
21. amateur
22. ambition
23. ample
24. ancient
25. anxious
26. apparent
27. appeal
28. appearance
29. applicable
30. appreciate
31. apprehensive
32. approve
33. argument
34. article
35. assemble
36. assistance
37. attempt
38. available
39. average
40. avoid
41. avowed
42. awkward
43. chaos
44. charred
45. coarse
46. coax
47. college
48. combination
49. commence
50. committee
51. communicate
52. community
53. companion
54. competition
55. completely
56. complex
57. composition
58. comprehend
59. conceal
60. conceited
61. conceive
62. conclusion
63. condemn
64. confidential
65. confine
66. conspire
67. conscience
68. conscious
69. consent
70. conserve
71. consideration
72. consist
73. constant
74. consume
75. contemporary
76. contempt
77. content
78. contest
79. contract
80. contrast
81. contribute
82. controversy
83. convenience
84. conventional
85. convert
86. convey
87. convict
88. convince
89. correspond
90. coy
91. criticise
92. cultivate
93. cunning
94. curb
95. curiosity
96. curious
97. curt
98. custom
99. banish
100. bargain
101. barren
102. beautiful
103. because
104. believe
105. belligerent
106. bemused
107. benefit
108. besieged
109. betray
110. bewildered
111. brief
112. Britain
113. bruise
114. burden
115. business
116. debate
117. debrief
118. deceit
119. declare
120. decline
121. definite
122. deliberate
123. demolished
124. deny
125. dependable
126. deposit
127. derelict
128. description
129. caffeine
130. calamity
131. candidate
132. category
133. caution
134. cease
135. ceiling
136. cemetery
137. changeable
138. despair
139. desperately
140. destitute
141. determine
142. develop
143. devote
144. digest
145. dilapidated
146. diluted
147. disappear
148. disappointed
149. disarray
150. disastrous
151. disclose
152. discontent
153. dishevelled
154. dismal
155. disperse
156. dispute
157. distasteful
158. distinct
159. distinguished
160. distress
161. divine
162. domestic
163. dose
164. drought
165. dwelling
166. emerge
167. empire
168. endeavour
169. endure
170. enterprise
171. environment
172. equipment
173. errand
174. especially
175. estimate
176. evaluation
177. evident
178. exaggerate
179. excellent
180. excitement
181. exciting
182. exclaim
183. existence
184. expel
185. expense
186. explanation
187. extended
188. exterior
189. extinction
190. extract
191. extremely
192. flamboyant
193. flawless
194. fleet
195. flora
196. flourish
197. foe
198. forbid
199. foreign
200. forty
201. foundation
202. fragment
203. fragrant
204. frequent
205. frivolous
206. fund
207. hollow
208. humble
209. hygienic
210. garment
211. government
212. grate
213. gratitude
214. grave
215. grieve
216. grotesque
217. guarantee
218. guard
219. identity
220. idle
221. idol
222. ignorant
223. imitate
224. immediately
225. immerse
226. inaudible
227. incision
228. inconspicuous
229. individual
230. inedible
231. inferior
232. influence
233. inhabitants
234. insane
235. insert
236. insolent
237. inspire
238. intangible
239. intense
240. intention
241. interested
242. interfere
243. interior
244. interpret
245. interrogate
246. interrupt
247. invalid
248. isolation
249. earnest
250. economical
251. elect
252. elude
253. embarrass
254. embrace
255. familiar
256. famine
257. fatal
258. fatigue
259. favourite
260. feeble
261. feign
262. fertile
263. habitable
264. habitat
265. halt
266. harass
267. hasty
268. heroic
269. hindrance
270. hoax
271. holiday
272. labour
273. lament
274. language
275. latter
276. lavish
277. lean
278. legible
279. leisure
280. lenient
281. liberal
282. liberty
283. library
284. lightning
285. limb
286. linger
287. lodge
288. lofty
289. loneliness
290. loyalty
291. muscle
292. mysterious
293. perilous
294. perish
295. permit
296. perplexed
297. persuade
298. physical
299. pigment
300. pioneer
301. pledge
302. plume
303. plunge
304. pompous
305. poultry
306. precarious
307. prejudice
308. present
309. privilege
310. proclaim
311. procure
312. profession
313. profit
314. programme
315. prohibit
316. prominent
317. promote
318. prompt
319. pronunciation
320. proportion
321. prosperous
322. protein
323. provoke
324. public
325. punctual
326. puncture
327. purpose
328. quaint
329. quell
330. quench
331. queue
332. quiet
333. quite
334. quiver
335. nauseous
336. neat
337. necessary
338. nimble
339. noted
340. nuisance
341. ramble
342. rare
343. really
344. receive
345. recite
346. recognise
347. recommend
348. refer
349. referee
350. release
351. relevant
352. repent
353. reprimand
354. reserve
355. reside
356. residence
357. resign
358. resolve
359. restaurant
360. restore
361. restrain
362. retain
363. retreat
364. reveal
365. rhyme
366. ridiculous
367. rigid
368. majestic
369. margin
370. matte
371. maximum
372. meagre
373. meant
374. merchant
375. mercy
376. meticulous
377. minimum
378. mischief
379. moderate
380. modest
381. moral
382. mortal
383. oath
384. obey
385. obedience
386. objection
387. obscure
388. obstinate
389. occupy
390. occur
391. odour
392. offend
393. omen
394. opportunity
395. oppose
396. oppress
397. option
398. ordeal
399. origin
400. painstaking
401. parallel
402. parliament
403. passive
404. peak
405. peculiar
406. perceive
407. roam
408. robust
409. rogue
410. rowdy
411. rural
412. subdued
413. submissive
414. submit
415. subterfuge
416. subtropical
417. successful
418. succumb
419. sufficient
420. suggest
421. summit
422. superior
423. supposed
424. surprise
425. suspect
426. suspend
427. system
428. unfathomable
429. uniform
430. union
431. unite
432. unnecessary
433. unsurpassed
434. sacred
435. sacrifice
436. sane
437. sanitary
438. score
439. scripture
440. secretary
441. secure
442. seize
443. seldom
444. separate
445. sermon
446. shoulder
447. shrine
448. signature
449. sincere
450. sincerely
451. sleek
452. sly
453. soldier
454. sow
455. special
456. stern
457. stomach
458. stoop
459. stout
460. stretched
461. stubborn
462. sturdy
463. temperate
464. temperature
465. temptation
466. thrust
467. tolerable
468. tolerably
469. toleration
470. tomorrow
471. torment
472. traitor
473. tranquil
474. transference
475. transferral
476. trivial
477. turbulent
478. twelfth
479. twilight
480. tyrant
481. vacant
482. vanished
483. vapour
484. variety
485. vast
486. vehicle
487. veil
488. ventilation
489. vessel
490. volatile
491. wasteful
492. weary
493. weird
494. wholesome
495. wholly
496. wither
497. wound
498. wretched
499. yacht
500. yield

[![Free resource: 500 essential words for the 11 plus](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/d9ebd645330b64bb1da67f1d5ccab295.svg)](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/08be96a58d5c453393aa15a17025adbc.pdf)

-----

## Watch your child excel in the 11 plus with Atom Nucleus

Atom Nucleus can help your child prepare for grammar and independent school entrance exams. With one monthly subscription, you’ll unlock:

:::checkmarks
- Over 90,000 practice questions in English, maths, science and reasoning (verbal and non-verbal)
- Unlimited online practice papers that match those set by exam boards and specific schools – all automatically marked for you
- Progress data, so you can keep an eye on your child’s strengths and areas for improvement
- Ongoing support for both you and your child, including live lessons (plus over 500 hours of lessons to watch on-demand), 11 plus revision and exam technique courses, and specialist parent webinars
:::

See how Atom Nucleus can make a difference to your child’s 11 plus prep – [start your free trial today](https://atomlearning.co.uk/). 

:button[Discover Atom Nucleus]{href="https://atomlearning.co.uk/"}

### Parent WhatsApp groups

Preparing for entrance exams in 2023? Why not [join our Grammar School Exam Preparation group](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfzAqYA44dwmRGJj03uH00NJxV8RigUDGQ7cYEhyD-HBe4qGw/viewform) on WhatsApp? Get access to free resources and advice, and ask our Education Experts any questions you have about the admissions process and your child's upcoming exams.

Download a list of the 500 most important words your child should know for the 11 plus and find out how you can help expand their vocabulary for exam success.

11 plus vocabulary: 500 essential words for your child to learn

11_plus_vocabulary.svg

500 essential words for your child's 11 plus vocabulary

We're sharing as many free resources as possible to help you and your child feel fully prepared for the 11 plus. Take a look at our tips and free downloads below to make exam revision a breeze and help your child secure their grammar school place.

-----

![11 plus verbal reasoning worksheets](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/df6b07f5aacce2d2936101c79e88db6d.webp)

## 11 plus verbal reasoning worksheets pdf

- [Synonyms helpsheet](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/92b23ba224103c0bbb0450c97e38783c.pdf)
- [Antonyms helpsheet](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/8028bca1274c82569e09d4f373432ea8.pdf)
- [Jumbled words helpsheet](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/b97e6b47a4b070bd21c4c465ca3f8366.pdf)
- [Missing letters helpsheet](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/b7fa7c4ac4ad9aa069555485f598095b.pdf)
- [Letter sequences helpsheet](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/b7326e18338f54e854807fbdf67c0b9a.pdf)
- [Statement logic helpsheet](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/b6a30020cc31aa4de070b82aaa7d806d.pdf)

:button[All 11 plus verbal reasoning resources]{href="https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/verbal-reasoning-worksheets" target="_blank"}

### 11 plus verbal reasoning practice questions

- [Verbal reasoning practice questions](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/c24897bfec96e673c30c8f0abaf67f06.pdf)
- [Verbal reasoning practice questions – answers and explanations](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/7a17e1a4167d5f4c8db9659eaa5a5e7b.pdf)
- [Synonyms and antonyms practice questions](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/a32c7eeb50090a572207c1c65bdc5f5b.pdf) (with answers and explanations)

:button[Additional verbal reasoning exam tips]{href="https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/11-plus-verbal-reasoning-exam-preparation-guide" target="_blank"}

![11 plus synonyms and antonyms worksheets](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/fbe1ae4bd976da45197cd9eab85f8012.webp)

### Synonyms and antonyms worksheets pdf

- [Synonyms helpsheet](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/92b23ba224103c0bbb0450c97e38783c.pdf)
- [Antonyms helpsheet](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/8028bca1274c82569e09d4f373432ea8.pdf)
- [Misleading antonyms list](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/3bc3138c4dad82f2e4603b80fba5d0d5.pdf)

:button[Guide to synonyms & antonyms on the 11 plus]{href="https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/11-plus-synonyms-antonyms-worksheets" target="_blank"}

![11 plus vocabulary worksheet](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/b7cd20d482ba463bce9025c9a734ba82.webp)

### 11 plus vocabulary worksheet pdf

Atom's vocabulary list contains 500 recommended words for the 11 plus.

:button[Vocabulary list]{href="https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/230207f0f9ef097465746b139240f7d7.pdf" target="_blank"}

-----

![11 plus non-verbal reasoning worksheets](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/4000e1b50855acf6b9785571ab1d8f28.webp)

## 11 plus non-verbal reasoning worksheets pdf

- [Nets and cubes helpsheet](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/76d32e2bffc2895aa2d50d6859f8a41a.pdf)
- [Following folds helpsheet](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/5e9364ee5c8c386f841105120e1d54f3.pdf)

:button[All 11 plus non-verbal reasoning resources]{href="https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/non-verbal-reasoning-worksheets" target="_blank"}


### 11 plus non-verbal reasoning practice questions

- [Non-verbal reasoning practice questions without answers](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/5c26e2531b4c878c8aff9778a49f6345.pdf)

Looking for 11 plus non verbal reasoning papers pdf with answers? We've got you covered:

- [Non-verbal reasoning practice questions with answers and explanations](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/015e03fe9eea1d21000f109e0d59f6c6.pdf)

:button[Additional non-verbal reasoning exam tips]{href="https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/11-plus-non-verbal-reasoning-top-tips-for-success" target="_blank"}

-----

![11 plus maths questions](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/e9b9bfcad9994c8a1ab37651b03a71f1.webp)

## 11 plus maths questions

Take a look at the [complete guide to 11 plus maths here](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/11-plus-maths), including:

- Number: place value
- Number: addition and subtraction
- Number: multiplication and division
- Number: fractions (including decimals)
- Measurement
- Geometry: Properties of shape
- Position and direction
- Statistics

Try out some 11 plus maths practice questions in this quiz, which includes answers and explanations:

:button[11 plus maths practice quiz]{href="https://atomlearning.typeform.com/maths11plus" target="_blank"}

:button[Key Stage 2 maths checklist]{href="https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/367ea1c04eb7d7a60a20f2fdf706c102.pdf" target="_blank"}

-----

![11 plus creative writing worksheets](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/dc17766c4a40738786ee9615c88cd00d.webp)

## 11 plus creative writing pdf

:button[11 plus creative writing prompts]{href="https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/7e42aed1076dc2c49a8ab96571b89acc.pdf" target="_blank"}

:button[11 plus creative writing guide for kids]{href="https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/11-plus-creative-writing-for-kids" target="_blank"}

You can also find the [parents' guide to 11 plus creative writing here](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/11-plus-creative-writing). This covers whether the 11 plus in your area includes a creative writing paper and how your child can build their exam skills.

-----

![11 plus comprehension worksheets](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/8f00e31bfc878b7e19e7ab3c663c30ca.webp)

## 11 plus comprehension worksheets

Download your [11 plus comprehension practice papers pack here](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/1664c8e27f98e575cd329e8c979f037d.pdf). This pack shows the styles of question your child will see in a comprehension exam, which include:

- Vocabulary
- Retrieval
- Summary
- Inference
- Prediction
- Structure
- Authorial intent
- Comparison
- Parts of speech
- Literary devices

:button[Guide to reading comprehension exam skills]{href="https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/reading-comprehension-exam-skills" target="_blank"}

More 11 plus reading comprehension downloads:

- [Reading comprehension exam keywords pdf](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/20488cce52a9823504473196e01b695e.pdf)
- [Steps to build confidence in comprehension](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/f725a82c33b8fbdebc07d46c208981ac.pdf)
- [Ten reading comprehension tips to share with your child](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/fdd22c1858e0106776f6f14c67bd6804.pdf)

### Downloadable reading lists

:button[Year 5 reading list]{href="https://f.hubspotusercontent-eu1.net/hubfs/25261171/Reading%20lists/Atom%20Reading%20List%20yr5.pdf" target="_blank"}

:button[Year 6 reading list]{href="https://f.hubspotusercontent-eu1.net/hubfs/25261171/Reading%20lists/Atom%20Reading%20Lists%20yr6.pdf" target="_blank"}

-----

![11 plus practice papers](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/cd4623ec57502cb467bae6cca9ea6f34.webp)

## 11 plus practice papers

Get access to unlimited online practice papers on [Atom Nucleus](https://atomlearning.co.uk/11-plus). Papers are **tailored to all UK grammar schools**, to allow your child to get familiar with the content and style they are likely to see on exam day.

Your child can take the mock tests as many times as they like — they’ll never see the same paper twice. Each test is **automatically marked for you**, with the results instantly available on your parent dashboard. 

![Unlimited 11 plus mock tests](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/0f316302f3ca8f81f8c88f35734570d7.webp)

Meanwhile, you get clear data showing your child’s performance compared to their year group. See instantly which subtopics your child needs to focus on next to cover any gaps in their revision.

![Instant progress data](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/b9495d47e4638f2d770e227e7b6beb07.png)

With a free trial, you get **full access to Atom Nucleus for five days**. [Try Atom Nucleus for free](https://atomlearning.co.uk/11-plus) and unlock unlimited 11 plus mock tests for your child today.

:button[Try Atom Nucleus free]{href="https://atomlearning.co.uk/11-plus" target="_blank"}

-----

![11+ CEM  GL sample questions](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/7694eec9ef4569b7466a765207a49eb7.webp)

## CEM & GL 11 plus sample questions

Does your local area use CEM or GL Assessments 11 plus papers? We've got you covered either way, with sample questions and everything you need to know about preparing for each exam:

- [CEM 11 plus exam guide](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/cem-11-plus-guide)
- [GL 11 plus exam guide](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/gl-11-plus-guide)

-----

## 11 plus preparation webinars

We're sharing our webinar for parents on how to maximise the final ten weeks for grammar school exam preparation for free. 

:button[Watch now]{href="https://vimeo.com/721368092" target="_blank"}

### Preparing for next year's 11 plus?

Is your child about to enter Year 5? Come along to our webinar on using Year 5 to prepare for the 11 plus and learn how to create your child's long term revision plan to maximise motivation and avoid burnout. 

:button[Register here]{href="https://us02web.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_UELJscbqSRSvsuRYET7cXw" target="_blank"}

-----

## Speak with an Education Expert

If you're looking for one-to-one advice about your child's 11 plus preparation journey, we're here to help. You can get in touch with Atom's Education Experts in the following ways:

- Email us on [support@atomlearning.co.uk](mailto:support@atomlearning.co.uk)
- Chat with a member of our team by tapping the LiveChat icon in the bottom right of your screen
- Call us on 020 3973 9226

:button[Call now]{href="tel:+4420-3973-9226" target="_blank"}

### Parent WhatsApp groups

Preparing for entrance exams in 2023? Why not [join our Exam Preparation group](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfzAqYA44dwmRGJj03uH00NJxV8RigUDGQ7cYEhyD-HBe4qGw/viewform) on WhatsApp? Get access to free resources and advice, and ask our Education Experts any questions you have about the admissions process and your child's upcoming exams.


We're sharing as many free downloads and resources as possible to help make 11 plus exam revision a breeze, so you and your child feel fully prepared.

Free 11 plus worksheets for English, maths, verbal and non-verbal reasoning

Free 11 plus worksheets.svg

Free 11 plus worksheets

**Is your child preparing for the 11+ exam?**

Many grammar and independent schools include verbal reasoning questions in their entrance exams. Keep reading to learn more about common verbal reasoning question types and download free verbal reasoning worksheets.

## What is verbal reasoning?

Verbal reasoning involves analysing written information and using logic to solve problems with letters, words and symbols. It's used by most 11+ exam boards, including [GL Assessment](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/gl-11-plus-guide), [CEM](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/cem-11-plus-guide) and the [ISEB](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/iseb-guide) (Independent Schools Exam Board) – in addition to bespoke school-written entrance tests. Take a look at our [verbal reasoning exam preparation guide](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/11-plus-verbal-reasoning-exam-preparation-guide) to get suggestions on how your child can prepare effectively.

## Why should my child practice verbal reasoning at home?

Verbal reasoning is not taught as part of the English Key Stage 2 national curriculum. While some independent prep schools might prepare students for secondary school entrance exams, this is not compulsory – and much less common in state primary schools.

Most students will not have seen this style of problem-solving exercise before. Using verbal reasoning practice papers at home can help your child develop the skills needed for success in a familiar and comfortable setting before tackling the real test on exam day.

-----

## Verbal reasoning helpsheets

The content of the verbal reasoning test can vary according to the exam board. Here's an up-to-date list of the main skills and topics assessed in the verbal reasoning exam, with **free helpsheets** for some tricky verbal reasoning question types:

### 1. Vocabulary

- Synonyms
- Antonyms
- Homonyms
- Odd ones out
- Identifying connections

:button[Synonyms helpsheet]{href="https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/92b23ba224103c0bbb0450c97e38783c.pdf"}

### 2. Finding words

- Jumbled words
- Jumbled sentences
- Finding a missing word
- Anagrams

:button[Jumbled words helpsheet]{href="https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/b97e6b47a4b070bd21c4c465ca3f8366.pdf"}

### 3. Building words

- Joining words
- Morphing words
- Transferring letters
- Identifying missing letters

:button[Missing letters helpsheet]{href="https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/b7fa7c4ac4ad9aa069555485f598095b.pdf"}

### 4. Codes and sequences

- Solving codes (using letters, numbers and/or symbols)
- Solving sequences (using letters, numbers and/or symbols)

:button[Letter sequences helpsheet]{href="https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/b7326e18338f54e854807fbdf67c0b9a.pdf"}

### 5. Logic

- Statement logic
- Deductions

:button[Statement logic helpsheet]{href="https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/b6a30020cc31aa4de070b82aaa7d806d.pdf"}

To unlock helpsheets for every type of question your child might come across in the exam, check out [Atom Nucleus](https://atomlearning.co.uk/). You'll get access to resources including over 90,000 interactive practice questions, video explanations and unlimited online verbal reasoning practice papers!

-----

## Verbal reasoning worksheets

Click below to download your free 11+ verbal reasoning practice questions in PDF format. This contains ten sample verbal reasoning practice questions. Your child can work through these independently on paper and then you can review the answers together.

[![Verbal reasoning preview](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/9c15a633b21ecaa2f61cdacb73c13132.gif)](https://share-eu1.hsforms.com/12CEZ2P80S2y8EfOwy7pPSwf1fn7)

You'll also get access to an answer sheet complete with full explanations for each answer. Use this to help build your child's understanding of how to work through each question. 

:button[Download verbal reasoning questions & answers]{href="https://share-eu1.hsforms.com/12CEZ2P80S2y8EfOwy7pPSwf1fn7"}

-----

## Free online verbal reasoning lessons

In this [verbal reasoning lesson](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tedjd7S35_Y), Luke shows us how to use deduction to draw conclusions based on a series of statements. This is a common question used in most verbal reasoning papers.

[![Verbal reasoning: deductions video thumbnail](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/a9911cc0606da6db26705d9a9634b357.svg)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tedjd7S35_Y)

If you're looking for more verbal reasoning tutorials, take a look at [Atom Learning's Live Lessons](https://atomlearning.co.uk/live-lessons). Our lessons are free for anyone to watch live.

[Atom Nucleus](https://atomlearning.co.uk/) subscribers can access over 500 hours of similar videos anytime from the in-app Lesson Library.

-----

## Practice verbal reasoning with Atom Nucleus

**Atom Nucleus is your complete online preparation package for the 11+ and independent school entrance exams.**

Atom's online learning platform is designed to help your child develop the knowledge and academic confidence needed to excel in every exam topic. With an Atom Nucleus subscription, your child will have access to:

:::checkmarks
- Over 90,000 interactive questions
- Friendly explanation videos and downloadable helpsheets for every subject
- Daily live lessons and revision programmes with our engaging teachers
- Unlimited online mock tests for grammar and independent school exams – including verbal reasoning practice papers!
:::

![GL 11 plus mock tests on Atom Nucleus](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/3a8f475ad88415c27d845c5fe0a1d678.png)

We're here to support parents too. With an Atom Nucleus subscription, you'll get access to a bank of tailored parent resources including:

:::checkmarks
- Data-driven insights on your child's progress and performance
- Task setting to encourage your child to practice tricky subtopics
- Parent webinars for expert guidance on Key Stage 2 learning, 11+ exams and Year 7 preparation
- Atom Learning community WhatsApp groups to get immediate advice and guidance
:::

![See a detailed breakdown of progress on Atom's Parent Portal](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/cdd852de932914f839917c8ffa4c4e2c.png)
 
[Start your 5-day free trial today](https://atomlearning.co.uk/) and see how Atom Nucleus can empower your child to excel in entrance tests.

:button[Start your free trial]{href="https://atomlearning.co.uk/" target="_blank"}

### Parent WhatsApp groups

Preparing for entrance exams in 2023? Why not [join our Exam Preparation group](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfzAqYA44dwmRGJj03uH00NJxV8RigUDGQ7cYEhyD-HBe4qGw/viewform) on WhatsApp? Get access to free resources and advice, and ask our Education Experts any questions you have about the admissions process and your child's upcoming exams.

If your child is preparing for secondary school entrance exams, now is a key time for verbal reasoning practice at home. Get free verbal reasoning worksheets and download practice questions with answers here!

Verbal reasoning worksheets.svg

Verbal reasoning worksheets

Looking for 11 plus synonyms and antonyms worksheets? Here's how to support your child with synonyms and antonyms on entrance exams, along with free downloadable resources to build their confidence and knowledge!

## Where do synonyms and antonyms come up on the 11 plus? 

Synonyms and antonyms are a key topic your child will encounter on verbal reasoning 11 plus papers. They appear on [CEM](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/cem-11-plus-guide), [GL Assessments](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/gl-11-plus-guide), and [ISEB](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/iseb-guide) entrance exams. 

Synonym and antonym questions are used on 11 plus exam papers to test your child's vocabulary skills and their understanding of word class and meaning. They often appear in cloze questions, where children have to pick the correct word out of a bank of words to make a sentence or passage make sense.

As well as the verbal reasoning paper, brushing up on synonyms will boost your child's [creative writing skills](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/11-plus-creative-writing), giving them tools to add more interest and variation to their writing. 

## What is a synonym? 

**Synonyms** are words that mean the same thing as each other. For example, ‘pleased’ and ‘glad’ are synonyms because they are both adjectives that describe someone as happy. 

Giving your child a thesaurus is a great way to build their knowledge of synonyms. Ask them to underline all the adjectives in a piece of text, then ask them to look up alternative words in a thesaurus. This exercise is a great way to build your child's confidence with identifying word classes too.

### 11 plus synonyms pdf download

Atom's [synonyms helpsheet](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/ecaa81167d52f65ea24cbc88344b082b.pdf) is designed to share with your child to build their understanding of synonyms and show them how to approach these exam questions on the 11 plus.

## Synonym question formats on the 11 plus

There are two styles of synonym question on the 11 plus:

### 1. Identify the synonym of a given word

Your child will be given a word and must choose the answer which is a synonym for it.

- Example question: *Which word from the list below is a synonym of boring?*

- Answer options: *reading, **dull**, interesting, magazine, writing*

### 2. Identify two words

Both words must be in the same word class. There will be either two or three words in each group.

- Example question: *Select the two words, one from each group, that are the closest in meaning.*

- Answer options: ***hurtful**, amusement, waiting | boring, rollercoaster, **mean***

Sometimes, synonyms may appear within the same group – this can catch children out. Remember to always select **one word from each group**, rather than two from one. 

### 11 plus synonyms example questions

Download your free sample pack of 11 plus synonyms and antonyms practice questions to help familiarise your child with the format and style of these questions.

![synonyms and antonyms 11 plus example questions](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/6c1e4880b7c9d5ea85870c425e0d52bd.gif)

:button[Download questions]{href="https://share-eu1.hsforms.com/1tnzZKmxWRG6JOgn6_HtXvgf1fn7" target="_blank"}

## How to answer synonym exam questions

### Identify the word class

The most important step for your child to consider when answering these questions is **identifying the word class** of the given word. Answers will be from the **same word class** as the given word. 

### Try it in the sentence

Synonyms can replace one another in a sentence **without the meaning of the sentence changing**. Your child can check their answer by replacing the original word with the answer they have selected to see whether it changes the meaning of the sentence. 

Occasionally, two words may seem very similar in meaning. Your child must **check that they are actual synonyms, rather than just similar**. These subtleties can make synonym questions more challenging. 

For example, ‘solve’, ‘consider’, and ‘decipher’, are all verbs linked to thinking and problem solving. But only ‘solve’ and ‘decipher’ refer to finding a solution or answer to or for something. In contrast, you ‘consider’ something before you make a decision about it. 

### Pay attention to nuance

Your child should be aware of nuance and ‘shades of meaning’. Although synonyms mean roughly the same thing, there will always be slight differences in their meaning. For example, if you asked someone how they were, and they said they were ‘ecstatic’, you would know this meant they were happier than someone who was ‘content'.

So, your child should pay attention to levels of nuance in the given word and choose the synonym that comes closest to it.

### Watch out for homonyms
Homonyms are words that are spelled (or pronounced) the same, but have different meanings – and therefore are likely to be in different word classes. For example: the word ‘bore’ can be: 

- A verb that means ‘to make a hole in something by digging or with a tool’. A synonym of this meaning could be ‘drill’ or ‘perforate’
- A verb that means ‘to cause one to feel uninterested or weary’. A synonym of this meaning could be ‘exhaust’
- A noun with a similar meaning to the above – a person whose behaviour or conversation is dull and boring. A synonym of this meaning could be a ‘nuisance’ or a ‘drag’
- The past tense form of ‘to bear’

If ‘bore’ was in a synonyms question, your child would have to look for a word that fits with *one* of these meanings.

-----

## Free synonyms and antonyms lesson

In [this verbal reasoning vocabulary lesson](https://vimeo.com/manage/videos/715277195), Wing shows how to answer 11 plus exam questions on synonyms, antonyms, definitions and homographs. 

[![A synonyms and antonyms 11 plus verbal reasoning live lesson](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/f3a2df2ec4c76f530252a65b6c5adac7.jpg)](https://vimeo.com/manage/videos/715277195)

-----

## What is an antonym?

An **antonym** is a word that has the opposite meaning to another word. For example, the words 'wet' and 'dry' are antonyms because they mean the exact opposite of one another. 

Antonyms will always be in the same word class as each other (for example, they will both be verbs, nouns, or adjectives).

### 11 plus antonyms pdf download

Download Atom's [antonyms helpsheet here](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/8028bca1274c82569e09d4f373432ea8.pdf) to share with your child and build their skills and knowledge.

## Antonym question formats on the 11 plus

There are two styles of antonym question on the 11 plus:

### 1. Find the antonym of a given word

Your child will be given a word and must choose the answer which is an antonym for it.

- Example question: *Which word in the list below is the antonym of 'delicious'?*

- Answer options: *tasty, sour, sprinkles, **disgusting***

### 2. Identify the pair of antonyms in two groups of words

There will be either two or three words in each group.

- Example question: *Choose the two words, one from each group, that have opposite meanings.*

- Answer options: *sensible, **careless**, daydream | **careful**, decision, smart*

As with synonyms, don't be caught out by these question types. Remember that you must select one word from each group, not two from one.

### 11 plus antonyms example questions

Remember to download your free sample pack of 11 plus synonyms and antonyms example questions to help familiarise your child with the format and style of these questions.

![Atom Learning synonyms and antonyms 11 plus example questions](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/dd2615831ae069bbb96e6d7b18455680.gif)

:button[Download questions]{href="https://share-eu1.hsforms.com/1tnzZKmxWRG6JOgn6_HtXvgf1fn7" target="_blank"}

## How to answer antonym exam questions

When working out pairs of antonyms your child will need to compare two words at a time from the words they have been given. They should start by reading through the words to see if any pairs are recognisable immediately. If not, then begin with either the single word they have been given, or the first word of the left-hand group. 

There are three simple steps for finding antonyms: **identify**, **define**, and **double check**. Get the method on [Atom's antonyms helpsheet](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/8028bca1274c82569e09d4f373432ea8.pdf)!

The techniques we covered above for synonyms questions are helpful for antonyms questions too:

1. Identify the word class
2. Try it in the sentence
3. Pay attention to nuance
4. Watch out for homonyms!


### 11 plus prefixes

**Prefixes** can be added to words to create antonyms. Lots of antonyms are compound words – words that have been made by adding a prefix like un-, in-, im-, non-. The table shows some examples of these types of antonyms.

![prefix antonyms 11 plus.png](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/b2bb687d26908d5f45f5bf150ff05c36.png)

### Misleading words

Watch out! Some pairs of words seem like antonyms but aren't related. Download our [misleading words list](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/3bc3138c4dad82f2e4603b80fba5d0d5.pdf). Becoming familiar with these words will help your child to avoid getting caught out.


## How to practice synonyms and antonyms for the 11 plus

For a guaranteed (and fun) way for your child to cover all the content they will need for the 11 plus, try [Atom Nucleus](https://atomlearning.co.uk/11-plus). Through interactive questions, your child will build their knowledge of synonyms and antonyms as well as all other reasoning, maths and English topics. 


Nucleus also gives you access to unlimited practice papers allowing your child to feel fully prepared for test day. [Start your 5 day free trial today](https://atomlearning.co.uk/11-plus)!

[![5 day free trial for 11 plus](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/7d39c5a45e98f0f22bacfff836e7bf60.svg)](https://atomlearning.co.uk/11-plus)

## More synonyms and antonyms resources

[Download Atom's vocabulary list of 500 words](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/230207f0f9ef097465746b139240f7d7.pdf). This contains recommended vocabulary that your child will need to be comfortable with for the 11 plus. We also recommend that children keep their own vocabulary log of new words.

And don't forget to download your free sample pack of 11 plus synonyms and antonyms questions for your child to practice! The pack includes answers and explanations.

:button[Download questions]{href="https://share-eu1.hsforms.com/1tnzZKmxWRG6JOgn6_HtXvgf1fn7" target="_blank"}

-----

### Get in touch 

We know how important this time is, so we're here to support you and your family every step of the way. You can talk with Atom's Education Experts to ask any questions you may have about the 11 plus or getting into your target school. 

Email us on [support@atomlearning.co.uk](mailto:support@atomlearning.co.uk), click the LiveChat icon in the bottom right of your screen, or give us a call on 020 3973 9226.

Download these free resources to build your child's knowledge of synonyms and antonyms for 11 plus exams. Includes top exam tips and tricky words to look out for!

Synonyms and antonyms worksheets.svg

11 plus synonyms and antonyms worksheets

Is your child applying for a school that uses CEM Select as part of the admissions process? Keep reading for an in-depth breakdown of the skills and content assessed and find out how your child can prepare for success. 

## What is CEM Select?

CEM Select is a computer assessment designed by the Centre of Evaluation and Monitoring (CEM). A growing number of independent and grammar schools in the UK are using it as part of their entrance tests for standard entry or late transfer.

The test is designed to make the selection process fair for candidates. It allows pupils to show their academic potential and ability and demonstrate their real understanding of the content, rather than what they have learnt through repetition.

CEM Select is a highly time-pressured exam with six sections that have a combined time limit of one hour. Unlike other online assessments such as the ISEB Common Pre-Test and the London 11+ Consortium, CEM Select is **non-adaptive**. This means that the questions are pre-selected; students will see the exact same questions throughout the test. They can also move back through the questions to double-check their answers. 

## What are the question types in CEM Select?

There are three different question types in the test.

**1. Multiple choice**

Multiple-choice questions make up the vast majority of the CEM Select test. Pupils will need to use their mouse or trackpad to select the correct answer from a group of options shown on the screen. The option selected will be highlighted in yellow. 

![Multiple choice.gif](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/7cf356e8a8463b538d68dc8abb87dbff.gif)

**2. Drag and drop**

Your child will need to use their mouse or trackpad to drag one of several options and drop it into the correct place on the screen.

![Drag and drop question type on CEM Select](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/75282e74c7690103887b8b81b9a369d2.gif)

**3. Auto-complete**

Children will need to type the correct letters into each answer to auto-complete the word. If they type the incorrect letters, it will not auto-complete. 

![Complete the word.gif](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/c76f26d1475b7dd71fdeec790fd9fe36.gif)

Your child may wish to have a go testing out the different question formats with a [CEM Select familiarisation test](https://plus.cem.org/cemselectfam/). 

## Which subjects are tested in CEM Select?

Candidates are tested in English comprehension, [verbal reasoning](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/11-plus-verbal-reasoning-exam-preparation-guide), [non-verbal reasoning](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/11-plus-non-verbal-reasoning-top-tips-for-success) and maths. **It is important to note that English comprehension is included within the verbal reasoning section.** 

There are six sections in the test:

### 1. Comprehension

Comprehension is one of the longest sections in the test and is included within verbal reasoning. 

On the left side of the screen, pupils will see a passage of fiction or non-fiction text, which can be scrolled through using a mouse/trackpad.

On the right side of the screen, they will need to work through 23 questions which assess their understanding of the text and the extent of their vocabulary. 

### 2. Anagrams

In this verbal reasoning test, pupils will have 21 questions to answer. 

Each question contains a sentence with one jumbled-up word – it is the pupils' task to drag the jumbled letters into the correct order.

### 3. Missing words

Candidates will be shown two passages of text (one after the other). Both passages will contain missing words.

For the first passage, pupils will need to type in the correct first two letters for each of the 25 missing words (the rest of the word will auto-complete). They will then need to repeat this process for the second passage, which has 20 missing words. 

[![Download free practice questions for CEM Select missing words](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/dcf382839fdc0b520fe4986c19ea9f00.svg)](https://share-eu1.hsforms.com/1mMWf3eDrRUOhF5Wz-CvV1wf1fn7)

### 4. Shuffled sentences
In the last of the verbal reasoning questions, children will be presented with 20 sentences (one at a time). Each sentence will be made up of jumbled words and an extra word which is not required.

Pupils will need to rearrange the words to create a completed sentence, disposing of the unnecessary words by dragging them into the Word Bin.

### 5. General mathematics

Numerical ability is assessed in the general mathematics section of the test.

Pupils will have 30 questions to answer – each mapped to the Key Stage 2 maths curriculum. 

### 6. Pictures

The final section of the CEM Select test assesses non-verbal reasoning – the ability to analyse visual information and solve problems.

There are 25 questions to complete. Each question contains 8 pictures on the left of the screen and one missing picture (signified by a question mark). On the right side of the screen, there will be 4 further pictures. Pupils will need to select a picture from the right which completes the set on the left. 

## How is CEM Select scored?

After completing the test, each pupil's scores will be [age-standardised](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/what-is-a-good-11-plus-score) to take into account how well they have performed and their date of birth at the time of the exam. Candidates will input their date of birth within the ‘your details’ section before the exam begins. 

Each school has their own secure account through which they access the assessment and results, which are made available to them within 72 hours of when the pupils take the test. Parents will not see the results. 

As every school will have its own Planned Admission Number (PAN), the ‘pass mark’ or ‘required standard’ will vary depending on how many pupils the school can admit into the year group. This means there is no universal pass mark.

## Which schools use CEM Select?

The following independent schools use CEM Select as part of their admissions process for 11 plus entry:

- Cheadle Hulme School
- City of London School for Girls
- Dunottar School
- Edgbaston High School for Girls
- Exeter School
- Farnborough Hill School
- Guildford High School
- Heathfield School Ascot
- Holme (Eaton) Grange School
- Hymers College
- Ibstock Place School
- King’s Ely Junior School
- Leicester Grammar School
- Mill Hill School (Somerset)
- Mill Hill School (Belmont)
- Moreton Hall
- Newcastle High School for Girls
- Nottingham High School
- Princethorpe College
- Prior Park College
- Queen Anne’s School
- Reading Blue Coat
- Rendcomb College
- St Columba's College
- St Edmund’s College
- St Edward’s School, Cheltenham
- St George’s Weybridge
- St John’s Leatherhead
- St Joseph’s College, Ipswich
- St Mary’s Calne
- St Paul’s Girls’ School
- Sutton High School
- The Cathedral School Llandaff
- The Grange School
- The King’s School, Gloucester
- The Royal Masonic School
- Warwick School
- Worth School

## What exam technique is needed for CEM Select?

### Work quickly

Students will need to work quickly but efficiently to answer as many questions as possible within the hour.

If they are struggling with a question, it is best that they move on to the next one to pick up marks. If they have time left at the end of the test, they can go back and work on any questions that they have left blank. 

### Read carefully

While it is important to work quickly, it is equally important not to rush. When both the question and possible answers appear on the screen simultaneously, it can be easy to get distracted.
Students should read every question carefully to ensure they completely understand what they are required to do before moving on

### Trust your instincts

Pupils should trust their instincts when answering questions and try not to overthink each one. If there is still any lingering doubt, they should return to the question at the end if they still have time and use the process of elimination to narrow down the correct answer. 

## How can my child prepare for CEM Select?

### Learn new words

Help your child prepare for the verbal reasoning section of the exam by encouraging them to create a vocabulary log.

Every time they learn a new word, they can write it in their log along with the definition. To help them internalise their new vocabulary, use the words together in ordinary conversation so they become familiar with their meanings in context. 

### Read widely

Your child can develop key analytical and comprehension skills by reading a range of fiction and non-fiction material in advance of the exam day.

If your child is not a natural reader, check out our [top tips for engaging your child with reading](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/engage-your-child-with-reading). If your child needs more support with their [reading comprehension exam skills](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/reading-comprehension-exam-skills), we have a guide for that too.

### Complete puzzles

Completing puzzles and playing games such as Sudoku and Lego can help improve logic, attention to detail and visualisation skills – all of which are vital for success in non-verbal reasoning.

For more guidance, take a look at our [top tips for success for non-verbal reasoning](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/11-plus-non-verbal-reasoning-top-tips-for-success).

### Practice everyday maths

Successful candidates in the CEM Select exam will have a strong understanding of the Key Stage 2 national curriculum for maths.

Encourage your child to [practise everyday maths at home](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/help-your-child-with-maths). Activities such as practising times tables, calculating the food shop and cooking together can all help develop mathematical ability and improve academic confidence ahead of the exam day.

----

## Atom Learning can help your child prepare for CEM Select

There are no commercially-available practice materials for CEM Select. However, Atom Learning can help your child develop the key skills required for the exam across Key Stage 2 English and maths, as well as verbal reasoning and non-verbal reasoning. 

With over 90,000 practice questions, downloadable help sheets, video tutorials, live and on-demand lessons and mock tests in English, maths, verbal reasoning and non-verbal reasoning, they will have all the resources they need to help them succeed through one [Atom Nucleus](https://atomlearning.co.uk/independent-school) subscription.

Meanwhile, you will be able to track their progress through your own Parent Portal. As they work through the questions on the platform, you will see the results on your dashboard helping you to identify strengths and areas for improvement. You can also benefit from the advice of our Education Experts via parent webinars, WhatsApp groups and on-demand support.  

Try [Atom Nucleus](https://atomlearning.co.uk/exam-prep?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=organic-search&utm_campaign=exam-guide) for free and start your 5-day free trial today. 

[![5 day free trial for 11 plus](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/7d39c5a45e98f0f22bacfff836e7bf60.svg)](https://atomlearning.co.uk/exam-prep?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=organic-search&utm_campaign=exam-guide)

If your child is applying to a selective school, you may have heard about CEM Select. Find out which schools use this online assessment test in their admissions process, the topics assessed and how your child can prepare for success.

230119_A parents' guide to CEM Select (1).svg

A parents' guide to CEM Select

Verbal reasoning is a test of skill, rather than knowledge. It measures how well someone can think, communicate and solve problems using words.

Most 11 plus exams (including [GL Assessment](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/gl-11-plus-guide) and [CEM](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/cem-11-plus-guide)) include verbal reasoning tests. If there isn't a specific verbal reasoning paper, your child's potential will still be assessed with other questions.

This skill isn't taught at school so children will benefit from practice at home. Keep reading to find out more about how you can introduce your child to verbal reasoning in day-to-day life.

## What are the main skills required for verbal reasoning?

The key skills involved are:

- Reading comprehension
- Strong vocabulary
- Phonological awareness
- Problem-solving
- Identifying sequences

## Why are verbal reasoning skills important?

Your child will already have some ingrained ability for verbal reasoning. Humans begin to develop cognitive skills, such as logic and the ability to identify connections, between the ages of two and three. The frequent 'why?' questions can be tiresome for parents but show that your child is learning to process information!

In the 11 plus exam, verbal reasoning tests children's potential for critical thinking. It is also a measure of general intelligence – the basis of all selective school entry tests.

Watch the video below to discover tips for 11 plus verbal reasoning preparation.

[![11 plus verbal reasoning preparation](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/7ef38fbece98e41a40307ea564359ffd.gif)](https://youtu.be/2nwGpEjlb3Q)

## What is the difference between verbal and non-verbal reasoning?

Verbal reasoning is a measure of our ability to understand and engage with language (i.e. written and spoken information). Non-verbal reasoning is the ability to understand and analyse visual information. This includes shapes, diagrams, graphs, maps and pictures.

Both verbal and non-verbal reasoning need great attention to detail, as well as the ability to solve problems and apply logic.

## How can I help introduce my child to verbal reasoning?

Check out our [guide to exam preparation](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/11-plus-verbal-reasoning-exam-preparation-guide) for common question types and examples. You may also wish to watch our webinar on **supporting your child's reasoning skills**.

[![Parent webinar: Supporting your child's reasoning skills](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/321eabfab095c87f2bb5c223c3f72e43.svg)](https://vimeo.com/681257874)

Our top tips below will help your child develop techniques to tackle these questions. You may also wish to explore the resources linked at the bottom of this page.

### Encourage reading comprehension

As verbal reasoning involves words, being able to read and process written information is essential. If your child isn't much of a reader yet, take a look at our [ways to engage your child with reading](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/engage-your-child-with-reading) as a starting point.

Once they are reading **regularly**, encourage your child to read **widely**. This means reading fiction and non-fiction across plenty of genres, and by authors with different writing styles. Spotting the nuances in writing will help your child improve their comprehension skills, expand their vocabulary and gain more general knowledge.

If you're looking for some new reading material for your child, why not download our recommended reading lists?

- [Year 3](https://share-eu1.hsforms.com/12_loXSvrRBqEJqhSbwWCcgf1fn7?__hstc=49052409.cf61236b0487836b00cf698f57154783.1645461504507.1649406905056.1649411935060.164&__hssc=49052409.1.1649411935060&__hsfp=202301231)
- [Year 4](https://share-eu1.hsforms.com/1MFCaAnTcS_akq7IUANR5qQf1fn7?__hstc=49052409.cf61236b0487836b00cf698f57154783.1645461504507.1649406905056.1649411935060.164&__hssc=49052409.1.1649411935060&__hsfp=202301231)
- [Year 5](https://share-eu1.hsforms.com/1vhVoOFSIQaatJReFnhaAhwf1fn7?__hstc=49052409.cf61236b0487836b00cf698f57154783.1645461504507.1649406905056.1649411935060.164&__hssc=49052409.1.1649411935060&__hsfp=202301231)
- [Year 6](https://share-eu1.hsforms.com/1hNnlwTRzRU6muo-4z5mM7gf1fn7?__hstc=49052409.cf61236b0487836b00cf698f57154783.1645461504507.1649406905056.1649411935060.164&__hssc=49052409.1.1649411935060&__hsfp=202301231)

### Build a strong vocabulary

Did you know that children learn over 1,000 new words each year?

Verbal reasoning tests will often ask children to spot the odd one out in a group of words or identify homophones (words that have a similar meaning). Having a good vocabulary is important to help children understand what the words mean.

In the example below, the two words in each set of brackets are similar to one word in the answers. Children need to select the correct word from the multiple-choice options.

![Verbal reasoning question: words similar in meaning](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/1c9d35467b53a6470c7ad22762ab6adb.png)

Make learning new words fun with word games such as Scrabble and Bananagrams. If your child prefers to play alone, crosswords and word searches are also great ways to build their vocabulary.

### Improve phonological awareness

Phonological awareness means being able to understand the sound structure of words. One of the common question types that comes up on 11 plus verbal reasoning exams is choosing singular words that, when combined, create a new word.

Work with your child on developing phonological awareness by playing rhyming games (e.g. "Can you guess what I'm wearing? It rhymes with *cat*") and writing poems or even songs together.

### Get cracking on codes

Verbal reasoning tests will almost always require children to solve a code. This might be cracking letter codes, number-based codes or unscrambling an anagram.

Applying logic is key to answering these types of questions. Your child can practise solving word problems with fun code-breaking puzzles online. They can also improve their numerical reasoning with sudoku.

For some example verbal reasoning questions, download your free sample 11 plus question packs below:

[![Download your list of sample 11 plus questions](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/c43cd527e55826bf3b4acace7cd533b2.svg)](https://share-eu1.hsforms.com/1LKV3qkhfT06wS41Sb7McQwf1fn7)

### Develop sequence logic

It might sound simple, but knowing the English alphabet back to front is vital for success!

Sequences using letters are common types of questions in a verbal reasoning test. Test your child on their alphabet knowledge by asking them to recite it from a random letter (e.g. start with J, rather than A). Go one step further and ask them to recite it backwards from Z to A.

![Verbal reasoning sequence logic question](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/6879bb4ee436f14a69e9ca5856e097e8.png)

## Atom Learning can help

If you're still looking for ways to introduce your child to verbal reasoning, why not try [Atom Nucleus](https://atomlearning.co.uk/11-plus?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=organic-search&utm_campaign=exam-guide)?

Atom Nucleus is an online learning platform with over 90,000 teacher-written questions. Children can answer real exam questions, work through practice papers (mock tests) and learn from engaging Live Lessons.

Our adaptive technology personalises your child's learning journey to help them prepare for the 11 plus. We also cover every question type known across the 11 plus verbal reasoning exams.

Start your [5 day free trial](https://atomlearning.co.uk/11-plus?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=organic-search&utm_campaign=exam-guide) today to see your child's verbal reasoning skills improve!

[![5 day free trial for 11 plus](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/7d39c5a45e98f0f22bacfff836e7bf60.svg)](https://atomlearning.co.uk/11-plus?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=organic-search&utm_campaign=exam-guide)

## Other useful resources

- [Atom Learning's complete guide to the 11 plus](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/11-plus-guide)
- [GL 11 plus: everything you need to know](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/gl-11-plus-guide)
- [CEM 11 plus: everything you need to know](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/cem-11-plus-guide)
- [Introducing your child to non-verbal reasoning](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/introducing-non-verbal-reasoning)
- [Common areas of difficulty on the 11 plus exam](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/common-areas-of-difficulty-for-the-11plus-exam)

Discover how to introduce your child to verbal reasoning. Increase their vocabulary, develop comprehension skills and improve their logic to set them up for success in the 11 plus exam.

Introducing your child to verbal reasoning.svg

Introducing your child to verbal reasoning

Everything you need to know to help your child prepare for ISEB Common Pre-Test exams. Includes free English, maths, verbal & non-verbal reasoning questions.

Atom's complete guide to the ISEB Common Pre-Test

Atom's complete guide to the ISEB Common Pre-Test.svg

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Atom’s complete guide to the ISEB Common Pre-Test

Chances are, if you have children in Key Stage 2, you’ve stumbled over the term ‘verbal reasoning’ and are now flummoxed, bewildered, baffled, perplexed, and exhilarated. And if you have just narrowed your eyes and looked twice at the last word in that series and thought to yourself, ‘that last word doesn’t seem to fit’, you’ve also just passed your first verbal reasoning question.

Verbal reasoning is essentially problem-solving with written information (letters and words). It is used in an aptitude test to measure how well pupils understand the English language and how efficiently they can comprehend written passages within a time limit. Ultimately, this is a core skill we all use throughout our lifetimes.

## What is in the verbal reasoning tests?

The questions in a verbal reasoning test, whether in the [11 plus](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/11-plus-guide) or the [ISEB](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/iseb-guide), are designed to test candidates on their level of literacy and the extent of their vocabulary. They are often multiple choice and may take between 20 minutes and 1 hour to complete (varying across assessment providers). 

### Synonyms and antonyms

Look again at the five adjectives at the start of this article: **flummoxed, bewildered, baffled, perplexed, exhilarated**. The first four have similar meanings (synonyms) and the last one – **exhilarated** – is an antonym (a word with the opposite meaning).

Spotting the odd one out in word groups is a common question in verbal reasoning tests. They might all be synonyms like the example above, or they could be words that are linked somehow. For example, take **apple, banana, kiwi, fruit and orange**. The odd one out would be **fruit** because that’s the collective noun for the other words and not a variety of fruit like the rest.

This type of question usually comes up in the 11 plus, as well as questions asking students to select a synonym or antonym of a given word from a small list, such as:

Miserly. Does it mean: a) sad b) boring c) unhappy d) stingy e) poor. (Answer: d). Questions like this essentially allow the examiner to see how big the thesaurus is inside your child’s brain.

![An example of an 'odd one out' question in an Atom Nucleus verbal reasoning mock test.](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/2b0e108a46ec36873561d4a1d8d807eb.png)

### Letter sequences and codes

Other types of questions include spotting letter sequences. For example, MN is to OP as ST is to ___. The answer is UV because the two examples given are of letters next to each other in the alphabet.

Letters may even be given numerical values or symbols and students may be asked to try to crack the code: If the code for TREE is WUHH what is the code for PLANT? (Answer: SODQW because each letter is three letters after the original).

![An example of a letter sequence question in a mock verbal reasoning test on Atom Nucleus.](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/d0700e8e40f5769ee661d2283a05d622.png)

Another question that often features is finding the missing letter. Often one letter ends a word and starts another and children will need to work out what it might be. For example:

DOO(_)OBE. (Answer: DOO**R**OBE).

### Creating new words

Locating words within words is another common question from the exam boards, as is moving letters from one word to another: MARCH TIE = TIME TIRE. These types of questions show the examiner that students can see the relationship between words and can experiment with phonics and spelling patterns to create new words.

![An example of a question asking candidates to create new words in a mock verbal reasoning test on Atom Nucleus.](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/ae0327c3af95bee908d885b1e9f3bc42.png)

### Using logic

Some verbal reasoning tests will have questions that require your child to come to logical conclusions using critical reasoning. They will be provided with a short passage of text or a collection of statements and will need to identify which statement follows logically using **only the information provided.**

For example, in the passage below, we know that:

- Andy likes going on holiday in the summer. Andy also likes going to Spain or Portugal.
- Kim likes going on holiday in the summer. Kim also likes going to Spain.
- Paul likes going on holiday in the summer. Paul also likes going to Spain.

![An example of a logic verbal reasoning question in a mock test on Atom Nucleus.](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/32c5077f52cff74cd3f8ef78a39d89e9.png)

Looking at the multiple-choice answers provided, we can eliminate the following answers:

- A: because the statement that Paul only ever goes on holiday in the summer is not communicated in the text.
- B: because we don't know for sure that Andy and Kim only ever go on holiday to Spain.
- C: because we know that Andy likes going to Spain or Portugal – no preference is communicated.
- D: because while we know that Kim likes going to Spain, the text is not clear that she never goes on holiday to Portugal.

The correct answer is, therefore, **E: Paul likes going to Spain**. This is the only answer that we know is completely true as the statement in the question explicitly says: "Paul and Kim like going to Spain."

Watch this video to see more example questions explained:

[![Atom Learning - Verbal Reasoning Preparation.gif](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/e09db7e1d3fb6cafe4573b9ea89e7c6d.gif)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2nwGpEjlb3Q)

## How can I help my child improve their verbal reasoning skills?

[Encourage your child to read widely](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/engage-your-child-with-reading). Reading can spark imaginative thoughts and inspire creativity, but it is also a great way for children (and adults!) to expand their vocabulary. The more words your child knows, the easier the verbal reasoning tests will become.

Playing games such as Scrabble, Bananagrams and Boggle can also help your children to see wordplay as fun and help them become adept at moving letters to create new words. When you’re out driving in the car together, ask things like, ‘what’s another word for exciting?’ and take it in turns to shout synonyms out.

Extending your child's vocabulary shouldn’t solely be a part of exam preparation – it should be a natural part of language acquisition. We all use verbal reasoning every day without realising it. Your brain automatically searches the dictionary in your mind to select the perfect word for every situation. We can all name three words that mean ‘small' and we know the opposite of ‘boiling' – and among us, there are no doubt some triple-word-scoring Scrabble enthusiasts.

These skills didn’t happen overnight. Through years of language training, we have polished our grasp of English and our children now need our help to do the same, and the best way is to have fun whilst doing it.

For more information and tips to help your child prepare, take a look at our [11 plus verbal reasoning: exam preparation guide](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/engage-your-child-with-reading).

## Atom Learning can help

Atom Nucleus supports 11 plus preparation by combining cutting-edge technology with the expertise of experienced teachers. We’ve built over 90,000 Key Stage 2 practice questions, live preparation courses, pre-recorded video tutorials and practice verbal reasoning tests in the style and format of all the known 11 plus exam boards.

Atom’s adaptive learning algorithm tailors the ideal learning journey for your child to keep them engaged and challenged while giving you data-driven insights into where they need to focus next.

[Start your 5-day free trial of Nucleus today](https://atomlearning.co.uk/11-plus?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=organic-search&utm_campaign=exam-guide) to help your child feel fully prepared for success.

[![5 day free trial.png](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/bec5f7b34193802faf1782dd04fb3778.png)](https://atomlearning.co.uk/11-plus?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=organic-search&utm_campaign=exam-guide)

### Get in touch

We know how crucial this time is, so our team is on hand to support you and your family every step of the way.

You can book a call with one of our Education Experts to ask any questions you may have about verbal reasoning, the 11 plus, or getting into your child's preferred school:

:button[Book a call]{href="https://calendly.com/atom-learning-cs/education-expert-call" target="_blank"}

Do you have a child in Key Stage 2 and are you 'flummoxed' about verbal reasoning? Find out everything you need to know about this common 11 plus test.

What is verbal reasoning (2).svg

What is verbal reasoning, and why is it important?

Verbal reasoning is a key test involved in the [11 plus exams](https://atomlearning.co.uk/hub/11-plus). It's used by most selective schools as an entry requirement. 

In this article, we unpack what verbal reasoning really means, the types of questions your child can expect, and share advice for helping your child feel truly prepared for the 11 plus verbal reasoning exam.

## What is verbal reasoning?

11 plus verbal reasoning tests your child’s **ability to reason and solve problems with written information**. Verbal reasoning assesses:

- Reading fluency and comprehension
- Vocabulary knowledge
- Phonological awareness
- Logic and problem-solving
- Ability to discover and apply rules
- Attention to detail

![Verbal reasoning mock test on Atom Nucleus](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/7972e0cf69c6983a0abf888399e67ff2.png)

Don’t be fooled by the use of the word ‘verbal’, as the exam does not only include the manipulation of words and letters. Your child will come across numbers and symbols too. However, as most questions will require an understanding of the meaning of words and the relationship between certain words, a wide vocabulary is essential.

The tests vary with each exam board, so it is worth checking which one your child will be taking. For instance, there are typically 21 different types of verbal reasoning questions determined by [GL Assessment](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/gl-11-plus-guide), with the paper taking between 50 minutes and an hour.

Questions can also vary in length, with some containing a few sentences and others containing only a few words. They are often accompanied by an example question. Some questions are designed to take longer than others, so if your child becomes stuck on one of these, it is best for them to guess the answer and come back to it later if they can.

## Verbal reasoning question types

Verbal reasoning covers five key areas: **vocabulary, finding words, building words, codes and sequences** and **logic**.

### Vocabulary

Question types:
- [Synonyms](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/11-plus-synonyms-antonyms-worksheets)
- [Antonyms](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/11-plus-synonyms-antonyms-worksheets)
- Homonyms
- Odd ones out
- Identify the connection

### Finding words

Question types:
- Jumbled words/sentences
- Hidden words
- Anagrams

### Building words

Question types: 
- Join the words
- Morph the word
- Transfer a letter
- Missing letters

### Codes and sequences

Question types:
- Solve the code (using letters, numbers or symbols)
- Sequences (using letters, numbers or symbols)

### Logic

Question types:
- Statement Logic
- Deductions

Watch this video to see some of these common verbal reasoning question types explained: 

[![Atom Learning - Verbal Reasoning Preparation.gif](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/e09db7e1d3fb6cafe4573b9ea89e7c6d.gif)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2nwGpEjlb3Q)

## Verbal reasoning example questions

Have a go at these examples of common verbal reasoning questions with your child:

### Scrambled words example

In 'scrambled/jumbled word' questions, your child will need to identify which of the options is the word once unscrambled.

![Jumbled words](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/a6f192ddb67aff32792282194a03ad29.png)

**Tip:** Use the clue (which is a synonym of the unscrambled word), and note any letters in the options that **do not** match the letters in the scrambled word. For instance, option E can immediately be eliminated as there is no 'i' in the scrambled word. 

### Synonyms example

Your child will need to select **two** words from the options provided that are closest in meaning - one from the group before the line, and one from the group after the line. 

![Screenshot 2022-03-10 at 16.19.25.png](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/5bd0b87b02bacedf02e1fe6fe8360a96.png)

**Tip:** Work through each of the options in the first group, matching them up with the second group. Does 'greedy' align with 'stubborn', 'obtuse' or 'jealous'? If not, proceed to 'obstinate' and follow the same procedure.

[![Free 11 plus worksheets on synonyms and antonyms](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/b05afd1e3de72a8981789fbda8446a54.png)](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/11-plus-synonyms-antonyms-worksheets)

### Join the words example

A new word can be formed from one word in each bracket set. You will need to select **two** options from the list provided that, when put together, create a new word.

![Screenshot 2022-03-10 at 16.28.39.png](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/5c189ecd4dd2ddd1e76cb401d750991b.png)

**Tip:** Use the same logic as the previous example. Take 'bare': are any of 'barering', 'baretrust' or 'baremate' words? Move onto the second word 'stale' and use the same process.

### Statement logic example

Your child will see a short passage of text and will need to select the correct statement based on their comprehension of the text.

![Screenshot 2022-03-10 at 16.19.49.png](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/f269dc0cf0ab69a236593cb62a67aedd.png)

**Tip:** Work through each statement at a time. Look at Statement A: does the text explicitly say that **hawks** and **robins** can swim? If there's nothing in the text to explicitly say this is the case, mark this as incorrect and move onto the next statement. Note that there is only **one** correct answer. 

### Solve the code example

In these questions, letters, numbers or symbols will represent a certain code that needs to be solved. 

![Screenshot 2022-03-10 at 16.31.24.png](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/2d3f477b35afc2aec837d5ee79ca2464.png)

**Tip:** On spare paper (or in the space around the question), solve each letter at a time. Take BELL as an example: the code for this is !>££. Therefore, we know that B = ! and E = > and L = £. Get your child to solve each letter, which will help them to form the code for the new word.

For more example verbal reasoning questions, download your free sample 11 plus question packs below:

[![11 plus email list banner 2 (2).svg](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/75d6548138dd0dcea8962c8df6ddc84e.svg)](https://share-eu1.hsforms.com/1LKV3qkhfT06wS41Sb7McQwf1fn7)

## How can I help my child prepare for the 11 plus verbal reasoning test?

Here are Atom’s top tips for tackling verbal reasoning questions!

### 1. Read more challenging material
When it comes to the 11 plus verbal reasoning test, there is always a tendency for parents to push their children to complete as many mock tests as possible. Whilst doing mock tests is by no means a bad strategy, it should not be the only way your child prepares for the exam.

The most guaranteed way of improving your child’s reading skills – which are central to mastering verbal reasoning – is to encourage your child to read more challenging books. Classic novels are a great place to start, as they are likely to contain a lot of vocabulary your child has never come across before.

If your child isn't a natural reader, check out our [5 ways to engage your child with reading](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/engage-your-child-with-reading). 

Reading regularly will increase the speed at which your child recognises words, helping them to manage their time more effectively in the 11 plus verbal reasoning exam.

### 2. Improve vocabulary
Improving your child’s vocabulary is a sure way to make them more confident sitting the verbal reasoning exam and will give them an advantage over other candidates. The process of learning vocabulary is proactive, meaning that time is needed to cement new vocabulary into long-term memory.

Try getting your child to start a word journal, recording each new word they learn with its definition. Then go through this journal every few days and test your child on these words.

Why not learn some vocabulary while getting some quality family time? Word-based board games, such as Scrabble, Bananagrams or Articulate, are super engaging ways of involving the whole family in the learning process!

[![11 plus exam prep webinars. Learn how to maximise your child's progress - sign up today](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/1c11177e2c938daef408f1d946e5ddac.svg)](https://atomlearning.co.uk/webinars)

### 3. Enhance memory
Learning vocabulary is dependent on a good memory. The better your child’s memory, the more words they will identify in the exam and the more likely they are to perform well. Why not spend some time playing memory games with your child?

There are hundreds of free memory games online and many learning apps that you could download too. Encouraging your child to play these games could make their screen time both fun and productive!

### 4. Mock tests
Completing mock tests will help your child learn how to answer verbal reasoning questions accurately and efficiently. Using mock tests will allow your child to become familiar with the types of questions and help them develop a sustainable exam technique.

It’s important to [start preparing well in advance](https://atomlearning.co.uk/blog/best-time-to-start-11-plus-prep) of the exam so your child can slowly build their vocabulary and confidence, helping them to get to grips with these types of questions with minimal stress. 

-----------------------------------

## Master verbal reasoning with Atom Nucleus

[Atom Nucleus](https://atomlearning.co.uk/11-plus) is your all-in-one online preparation platform for 11 plus exams. Atom’s adaptive technology creates your child’s personalised learning journey to fully prepare them in every subtopic they will need for the 11 plus

For £59.99 per month, you'll get:

:::checkmarks
- Unlimited 11 plus online practice papers for your child's target schools, all automatically marked
- Over 90,000 interactive practice questions for Key Stage 2 English, maths, verbal and non-verbal reasoning
- Automatic data on your child's progress and areas for improvement
- Ongoing support for you and your child, including parent webinars, live lessons and revision programmes
:::

[Start your 5-day free trial today](https://atomlearning.co.uk/11-plus) and see the difference it makes to your child's learning.

[![5 day free trial.png](https://space-1.atomlearning.com/static/bec5f7b34193802faf1782dd04fb3778.png)](https://atomlearning.co.uk/11-plus)

### Get in touch 

We know how crucial this time is, so our team is on hand to support you and your family every step of the way. 

You can book a call with one of our Education Experts to ask any questions you may have about verbal reasoning, the 11 plus, or getting into your target school:

:button[Book a call]{href="https://calendly.com/atom-learning-cs/education-expert-call" target="_blank"}

### Parent WhatsApp groups
Preparing for entrance exams in 2023 and beyond? [Join our Exam Preparation group](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfzAqYA44dwmRGJj03uH00NJxV8RigUDGQ7cYEhyD-HBe4qGw/viewform) on WhatsApp – get access to free resources and advice, and ask our Education Experts any questions you have about the admissions process and your child's upcoming exams.



Help your child master 11 plus verbal reasoning. Explore example questions, get tips for strategies for success and find out how to unlock practice tests.

11+ verbal reasoning exam preparation guide